Majumdar, Nagpal & Paul (2017) showed that W219R and L349P mutants had elevated mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-1 β after stimulation with the NOD1 ligand, as compared with the wild type NOD1, and these mutations may lead to increased NOD1 signaling and contribute to inflammation in ulcerative colitis. Here, NOD1 is linked to ulcerative colitis.