CXCL8 and ulcerative colitis: Majumdar, Nagpal & Paul (2017) showed that W219R and L349P mutants had elevated mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-1 β after stimulation with the NOD1 ligand, as compared with the wild type NOD1, and these mutations may lead to increased NOD1 signaling and contribute to inflammation in ulcerative colitis.