When mRNA expression levels of various adhesion molecules, such as vascular cellular adhesion molecule (VCAM), intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), lymphocyte function associated antigen (LFA-1), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were checked in the brains of α-TTP knockout and wild type mice infected with P. berghei ANKA, the expressions of ICAM, LFA-1, and GFAP were found to be significantly increased in wild type mice after infection, whereas they were not so during the acute phase of infection in α-TTP knockout mice [26]. Here, TTPA is linked to infection.