VEGFA and cancer: These cells release a number of growth factors such as TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor-beta), VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), PDGF (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor), FGF-2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor), alter the levels of transcription factors (Twist, Snail, ZEB) required for the initiation of the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and also release numerous proteases that promote cancer cell invasion into normal brain tissue [34].