The present results, our previous study on LAT, BIM, c-FOS and RAD51 [45] and recent bioinformatics findings demonstrated that in contrast to HAM/TSP patients, AKT/mTOR and DNA repairing pathways such as BRCA1 and RAD51 are pivotal signalling pathways in the maintenance and progression of ATLL which should be targeted for therapy in ATLL malignancy. Here, FOS is linked to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.