Although only isolated rat pancreatic acini and cultured AR4-2J were studied in the present work, it is nonetheless interesting to note that TLR9 has been readily detected in pancreatic ducts after caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis [60]; TLR2, 4 and 9 were all detected in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; TLR9 was found to be plasma membrane-localized in cancerous regions but was exclusively in the cytosol in adjacent normal pancreatic tissue [37]. Here, TLR9 is linked to acute pancreatitis.