LEP and diabetes mellitus: Biomarkers linked to diabetes that have been used to derive dietary patterns include inflammatory markers (e.g., PAI-1, tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2, C-reactive protein (CRP), and Interleukin 6) [12,13,19,21], glucose (e.g., HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and fasting glucose) [12,14,16,20], lipid-related metabolites (e.g., TG, HDL-C, adiponectin, and leptin) [12,16,18,21], and uric acids [17].