TNF-α, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were all higher in RVs from PAH mice compared to control (P < 0.05), and hMSC injection importantly normalized the levels of these markers of cardiac inflammation (Figure 8; P < 0.05). Here, IL6 is linked to pulmonary arterial hypertension.