TGFB1 and cancer: Finally, since TGF-β-induced quiescence renders cancer cells resistant to some anticancer agents (Brown et al., 2017; Tamai et al., 2017) and since many TMEM proteins interfer with TGF-β-induced intracellular signaling, TGF-β pathway is probably one of the key mechanisms through which TMEM proteins exert their effects.