For example, rnf38 mRNA and protein levels are upregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which in turn increases proliferation and the metastatic capacity of the cells (Xiong et al., 2018), whereas rnf38 mRNA is increased in the hypothalamus during ageing (Fu et al., 2006). This evidence concerns the gene RNF38 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.