Importantly, these pathways may contribute to severe bacterial disease even in the absence of malaria infections: in sepsis patients, we have observed that raised concentrations of heme, HO‐1, and IL‐10 are positively correlated with disease severity and mortality.82 Also, while “invasive” NTS is seen in immunocompromised hosts (such as those with malaria infection), it remains unclear if this is due to increased intestinal invasion, increased dissemination from draining lymph nodes, failure to control systemic bacterial replication, or a combination of any of these. This evidence concerns the gene IL10 and Sepsis.