More recently, increased formation of endogenous H2S, e.g., by induction of cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) expression during late torpor and early arousal, has been implicated as a mechanism protecting cells of hibernators from damage [19, 103, 104], e.g., increased renal expression of CBS reduces apoptosis and by this prevents kidney damage as it occurs in rats after rewarming from deep hypothermia [24]. The gene discussed is CBS; the disease is Nephropathy.