For instance, analysis of RRV-infected macrophages at the RNA level showed that enhanced infection was associated with disrupted antiviral transcription factor complexes, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), nitric-oxide synthase 2 (NOS2), IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), as well as an increase of IL10 expression (Mahalingam and Lidbury, 2002). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.