In addition, we observed that PCa cells were adherent to the endosteal surface (Fig. 2c) and while PCa cells were not detected in the interior region of the tissues, co-culture with PCa cells significantly affected the integrity of the underlying reconstructed bone as evidenced by the significant increase (p < 0.01) in active caspase-3 staining in the bone tissues exposed to PCa cells (+PCa cells, Fig. 2e,g). This evidence concerns the gene CASP3 and posterior cortical atrophy.