TGFB1 and ovarian carcinoma: Jeon et al. revealed that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is a small bioactive phospholipid, in the malignant ascites of advanced ovarian cancer patients stimulates the differentiation of adipose-derived MSCs to CAFs via the activation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in the intraperitoneal tumor microenvironment [76].