CXCL12 and cancer: HOXA9 are able to induce the production of TGF-β2 in ovarian cancer cells and cancer-derived TGF-β2 acts in a paracrine manner on omental fibroblasts and MSCs to induce the expression of IL-6, SDF-1α, and VEGF-A; this phenomenon is associated with the acquisition of the aggressive phenotype of ovarian cancer cells [85].