CCL2 and irritable bowel syndrome: Different mechanisms have been implicated in IBS pathogenesis, including altered gastrointestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity and imbalanced cytokine signaling [7] that could involve IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α [7] and the chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-1β [8].