Indeed, we have reported that pretreatment with exogenous MIF induces a substantial increase in secretions of endothelial-derived interleukin (IL)-6 and CCL2, as well as the expression of key adhesion molecules, leading to exaggerated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) adhesion on confluent monolayers of endothelial cells derived from PAH patients and control subjects [9]. Here, CCL2 is linked to pulmonary arterial hypertension.