For example, Hanna-Mitchell et al. in a streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg)—induced model of diabetes, through preferential toxicity to the insulin producing β-cells of the pancreas, reported that exposure to chronic hyperglycemia induces desquamation of the superficial cells, subsequently contributing to breaches in the barrier function of the urothelium (47). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.