TNF and neoplasm: With respect to tumor angiogenesis, targeting HS may have advantages over targeting single growth factors because HS contributes to the activity of numerous proangiogenic factors including FGF2, VEGF, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), angiopoietin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and others (113).