ALDH7A1 and hydrops fetalis: As the specific aim of this study was to dissect the effects of β2AR signaling localization loss and PDE-dependent cAMP level control impairment on the electrophysiological function of the cell, our single-cell model brought together various aspects of microdomain remodeling characteristic to HF, such as LTCC redistribution presented by Sanchez-Alonso et al. (2016), and modified cAMP compartmentation observed experimentally by Nikolaev et al. (2010).