TGFB1 and heart failure: The transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) is the main interrelated pathway involved in ASR and in the formation of atrial fibrosis in several disease conditions, including myocardial infarction, heart failure, and hypertension with upregulated Rennin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) (Hao et al., 2000; Everett and Olgin, 2007; Tsai et al., 2008).