ACTA1 and chronic kidney disease: Immunohistochemistry indicated a significant deposition of α-SMA (CKD vs. Sham: 0.20 ± 0.03 vs. 0.15 ± 0.02, n = 6 per group, P = 0.005) and collagen type I (0.15 ± 0.02 vs. 0.11 ± 0.01, n = 6 per group, P = 0.000) in the CKD group compared with the sham group (Figure 4C).