TNF and Hyperglycemia: Fat accumulation in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, heart, and pancreas may increase systemic oxidative stress independent of hyperglycemia (Unger, 2003) as well as adipocytokines or adipokines such as plasminogen activator inhibitor−1 (PAI-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, resistin, and leptin (Friedman and Halaas, 1998; Leyva et al., 1998; Matsuzawa et al., 1999; Niemann et al., 2017; Reho and Rahmouni, 2017; Louwen et al., 2018).