CX3CL1 and Plasmodium falciparum malaria: Finally, patients with falciparum malaria also had elevated plasma levels of granzyme B and CX3CL1 suggesting enhanced activation of CD8+ T-cells and effector memory T-cell subsets, and the marked increase in TIM-3 suggest some degree of T-cell exhaustion during falciparum malaria particularly in those co-infected with HIV.