In this context, cTns can be considered not only as a biomarker of ischaemic cardiac events, but also more generally as a biomarker of the global instability of the CV system, indicating elevated risk of a wide range of CV disorders, with the most common ones being myocardiopathy, chronic renal failure and cardiac arrhythmias [20,23,24]. This evidence concerns the gene CTNS and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.