TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In the present study, HFD caused an increase in the level of endotoxins in both serum and liver of mouse, and enhanced serum levels of inflammatory cytokines including IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1, which suggesting that a HFD potentially caused the dysbiosis of gut microbiota, and IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 were the potential primary response inflammatory cytokines in NAFLD.