Other investigators have: (a) utilized plasma copeptin concentrations (i.e., part of the molecular pre-prohormone of AVP) to detect myocardial ischemia and other diseases (Figure 4; [8,69,114]); and (b) supported the use of AVP receptor antagonists to treat specific cardiovascular pathologies, suggesting dysfunctional body water regulation [115,116]. Here, AVP is linked to myocardial ischemia.