AVP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: This observation is significant because numerous investigations and letters to the editor have proposed that chronically elevated plasma AVP and angiotensin II levels may be related to negative health outcomes (e.g., cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, cancer morbidity and mortality) [69,96,112] as well as the progression of disease states (e.g., salt-sensitive hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and diabetic nephropathy [113]).