Indeed, the activation of TGR5 in macrophages and endothelial cells by micromolar levels of circulating bile acids both during fasting and in postprandial state when bile circulating bile acids reach concentration peak, exert anti-atherogenic effects and inhibit atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (Steiner et al., 2011). This evidence concerns the gene GPBAR1 and atherosclerosis.