NFKB1 and myeloid sarcoma: Treatment of astrocytes with a combination of TNFα and IL-1β, cytokines that induce or enhance NF-κB signaling and play a major role during MS lesion development12,13, increased NF-κB activation in both groups; however, NF-κB activation was significantly higher in astrocytes carrying the risk variant (Fig. 2a, b).