Having established that pancreatic cancer cells secrete factors that induce the expression of monocytic S100A8 and S100A9 (Fig. 2a) and that the S100 proteins themselves induced the secretion of FGF, IL-8, and TNF-α from pancreatic cancer cells (Fig. 1), we questioned whether FGF, IL-8 and TNF-α might contribute to the induction of monocytic S100A8 and S100A9 expression in a paracrine fashion. Here, TNF is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.