Huilard et al. (2012) [21] by performing functional studies in neural progenitor cell and mouse models evidenced that homozygous CDKN2A/INK4a-Arf deletion in BRAF V600E expressing cells was sufficient for the formation of tumors with histologic features similar to the malignant astrocytomas in humans [21]. This evidence concerns the gene BRAF and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).