UBC and cancer: In order to verify the results of transcriptome sequencing and further analyze the expression pattern of genes with important anti-cancer roles, 12 representative genes with different pathways—MAPK signaling (TNF, IL-1, BDNF), NF-κB signaling (TLR4, IL-1R, NEMO), PI3K-AKT signaling (IRS1, PI3K, JAK), cell cycle process (CDC25A, Smad 4, CDC6) from KEGG data, and 3 genes with high protein interaction degrees (UBC, TP53, MCM4) from PPI data—were chosen for quantitative RT-PCR.