In a prospective case series of eight patients, including three aspergillosis cases, Delsing et al. showed increased ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, Th17-stimulating cytokines IL-17 and IL-22, and heightened HLA-DR expression after combined IFN-γ and antifungal treatment, all of which play an important role in protecting the host from IA. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and aspergillosis.