Finally, based on our findings, literature review, and discussion, calcium and vitamin D remain viable chemopreventive agents against colorectal neoplasms, and mib-1, p21, and bax expression in the normal-appearing colorectal mucosa remain viable, treatable pre-neoplastic biomarkers of risk for colorectal neoplasms. Here, CDKN1A is linked to colorectal neoplasm.