In the same participants investigated in the present study, and in the CaD v MAP trial, we estimated that vitamin D3, alone or combined with calcium, modified APC, β-catenin, and E-cadherin (all three involved in the APC colon carcinogenesis pathway) expression in directions hypothesized to reduce risk for colorectal neoplasms [15]. Here, CDH1 is linked to colorectal neoplasm.