Plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, interferon gamma (IFNγ), and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-4 are elevated in adults with sepsis and septic shock (52, 56–58, 72, 89)—study details described in Table 1. The gene discussed is IL4; the disease is Sepsis.