CSF1 and atherosclerosis: It has been reported that treatment with M-CSF, phorbol ester (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)), and LPS downregulates M-CSFR expression in macrophages [[19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24]]; however, few studies of the relationship between the downregulation of M-CSFR and atherosclerosis have been reported.