Moreover, the increased expression of adaptor and effector molecules, such as Hspa1a, Hspd1, Irf 1, Ripk2, Nfkb1, Nfkb2, Nfkbia/Ikbalpha, as well as immunomodulators, such as Cxcl10, Cd86, Il1a, Il1b, Tnf , Il10, and Tnfaip3, and the decrease in the expression of Casp8, Nr2c2/TAK1, Mapk9/JNK2, and Il6ra during infection indicates that L. amazonensis modulated macrophage activation. Here, IL1A is linked to infection.