BDNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Intracerebroventricular infusion of recombinant human BDNF decreased food intake in rats (Lapchak and Hefti, 1992), whereas genetic deletion of Bdnf gene in the VMH or the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVH), another brain area related to energy intake, led to hyperphagia and obesity in mice (Unger et al., 2007; An et al., 2015).