Immediately after tissue damage, CF contribute to the inflammation necessary for repair, secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), as well as pro-inflammatory chemokines, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-8 (Kukielka et al., 1995). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is cystic fibrosis.