TNF and Parkinson disease: Many researches have revealed that significantly higher levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6 are found in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of PD (Mogi et al., 1996; Nagatsu and Sawada, 2005; Sawada et al., 2006).