The ATP synthase β-subunit belongs to the F1 domain and had long been believed to be strictly confined to the mitochondrial inner membrane, but was later identified to serve as a cell surface receptor for apparently unrelated ligands, such as enterostatin31, β-casomorphin32, apolipoprotein A-I33, that modulate food intake, hypertension and lipoprotein metabolism, depending on the cell type and environment, by generating either ATP or ADP34. This evidence concerns the gene CD177 and Hypertension.