Indeed, using this vector, we have shown that hAAT gene therapy delayed arthritis development in the collagen-induced arthritis mouse model, and it prevented bone loss in an osteoporosis mouse model.19, 21 In this study, we tested the protective effect of hAAT on DCs and hAAT protein and gene therapy on lupus development in a lupus-prone mouse model, the NZM2410 strain and its congenic derivative B6.NZM2410.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 (B6.TC).32 The gene discussed is TLR5; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.