Egyptian patients with periportal fibrosis had significantly elevated serum levels of VEGF (again secreted by cells such as M2 macrophages) when compared to non-diseased controls (62) whereas no significance difference in serum levels of this factor was reported in Brazilian cohorts of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis patients with or without hepatic fibrosis (63). This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and Hepatic fibrosis.