Although, the detailed molecular aspects are unresolved, the peptidase activity of the i-proteasome controls PTX3 expression in TLR4-activated macrophages during viral myocarditis (114) and pneumococcal pneumonia (116), a function of the i-proteasome which cannot be compensated by enhanced formation of standard proteasome in LMP7−/− mice (114). The gene discussed is LAP3; the disease is viral myocarditis.