RIGI and infectious disease: During viral infection, viral RNAs and replication intermediates bind to their respective intracellular pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), and, mediated by several distinct signaling pathways, this increases the production of T1IFNs [refer to (92) for a detailed review on T1IFNs in infectious disease].