Despite the active role of GATA-1 in erythroid gene transcription, our results also showed increased GATA-1 expression after TNFα, C2-ceramide, and bSMase treatments in agreement with reports describing that GATA-1 overexpression inhibited erythropoiesis in mouse erythroblasts culminating in lethal anemia [44]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and anemia (phenotype).