IL1B and pneumonia: These data are in line with some evidence for microglial activation in SCZ: the associations between the magnitude of microglia ligand binding and SCZ symptom severity,24,25 increased protein and mRNA levels of TNF-α in the prefrontal cortex,32 proinflammatory cytokines and HLA-DP/Q/DR expression correlated with the expression of IL-1 in the prefrontal cortex in SCZ.17 However, it is important to note that such confounders like autoimmunity, pneumonia, other viral or bacterial infection, obesity, metabolic syndrome could potentially impact microglia activation.33