These data are in line with some evidence for microglial activation in SCZ: the associations between the magnitude of microglia ligand binding and SCZ symptom severity,24,25 increased protein and mRNA levels of TNF-α in the prefrontal cortex,32 proinflammatory cytokines and HLA-DP/Q/DR expression correlated with the expression of IL-1 in the prefrontal cortex in SCZ.17 However, it is important to note that such confounders like autoimmunity, pneumonia, other viral or bacterial infection, obesity, metabolic syndrome could potentially impact microglia activation.33 Here, TNF is linked to bacterial infectious disease.