Infection with EV 71 can activate the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, thereby contributing to increased viral replication and secretion of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [8, 10]. Here, TNF is linked to infection.