NFKB1 and inflammatory bowel disease: The inhibitory effect of colonic mucosal cell infiltration and cytokine production exerted by both SSZ and IA was specifically corroborated by the inhibition of the gene expression of intestinal inflammation signaling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-κβ-p65, the molecular target for IBD [41,42].