The most compelling evidence of a protective anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effect for anthocyanidin came from human studies in which the ingestion of an anthocyanidin-rich bilberry extract ameliorated colitis and was associated with reduced NFκB activation and production of pro-inflammatory mediators in colon biopsies from inflammatory bowel disease patients [137,138] and reduced cellular proliferation in tumor samples from colorectal cancer patients [139]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and inflammatory bowel disease.