STAT3 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Recently, emerging evidence has pointed to the anti-tumor activity of EP in colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, myeloma, and leukemia [13,14,15,16], with known mechanisms like β-catenin signaling, apoptosis-promoting pathways, and anti-angiogenic pathways targeting JAK2/STAT3 signals, etc. However, reports about EP obtained from P. cicadae fermentation, and its role in renal cancer tumors worldwide, are scant.