VCAM1 and systemic primary carnitine deficiency disease: Despite an increase in plasma trimethylamine and TMAO levels, decreased levels of vascular injury and oxidative stress markers such as sICAM-1 (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1), sVCAM-1 (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), and MDA (soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) levels were observed following a study of oral L-carnitine supplementation provided to HD patients with carnitine deficiency [59].