However, when mice were grouped by disease outcome, regardless of whether infected with UTI89 or CFT073 those that ultimately would develop chronic cystitis lasting four weeks had activation of the immune checkpoint, indicated by: higher urine bacterial burdens (Fig 3A), though here just a trend with UTI89; greater pyuria (Fig 3B); and increased serum levels of G-CSF and the IL-8 analogue KC, relative to the mice that would resolve their infection (Fig 3C and 3D). Here, CALCA is linked to infection.